Awards & Honours Current Affairs 2026 for Government Exams

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) announced the winners of the Green Highways Excellence Awards 2026, instituted in 2025 under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways' Green Highways Policy, 2015 to reward best practices in highway landscaping and plantation management. NHAI received 86 nominations across three categories — 27 for Avenue Plantations, 36 for Median Plantations and 23 for Plantation in Land Parcels — of which 15 (five per category) were shortlisted for final evaluation. The Chilakaluripet Bypass on NH-16 near Vijayawada won Avenue Plantations; the Hyderabad–Yadgiri stretch on NH-163 won Median Plantations; and the Jamtha Clover Leaf on NH-44 at Nagpur topped Plantation in Land Parcels.

The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation named Singapore's Tommy Koh, Bangladesh's Runa Khan and Myanmar's Bo Kyi winners of the 68th Ramon Magsaysay Awards (2026) on 31 August 2026, the 119th birth anniversary of Ramon Magsaysay, 7th President of the Philippines. Koh, a veteran diplomat and legal expert, was pivotal to the adoption of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982. Khan founded the Bangladeshi NGO Friendship, which serves riverine *char* communities. Bo Kyi, a former political prisoner, co-founded the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners in 2000. Each receives a medallion, a citation certificate and USD 50,000 on 15 November 2026 in Manila.

Pakistan nominated two Mumbai-based Parsi physicians, Dr Jal Ratanji Patel and Dr Jal Dhaybhoy-Koo, for the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, its highest civilian honour, for keeping Muhammad Ali Jinnah's terminal illness confidential before Partition. In 1946 the doctors diagnosed Jinnah with advanced tuberculosis from his X-rays and never disclosed it; historians argue that had the Congress leadership known Jinnah was dying, the negotiations that culminated in the 1947 Partition might have unfolded very differently. Jinnah, Pakistan's first Governor-General, died on 11 September 1948, barely thirteen months after Independence. The award will be conferred posthumously in March 2027.

The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports announced four winners of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards (TNNAA) for 2024, India's highest national honour in adventure sports. Baljeet Kaur and Skalzang Rigzin won in Land Adventure, Rimo Saha in Water Adventure and Shiv Prasad Chamoli received the Lifetime Achievement award; the fourth category is Air Adventure. Each recipient gets a bronze statuette, a certificate, a blazer with a silken tie or a saree, and a cash prize of Rs 15 lakh. President Droupadi Murmu will present the awards at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, alongside the National Sports Awards 2025.

The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports announced the National Sports Awards 2025, India's highest sporting honours, conferred annually by the President at Rashtrapati Bhavan. For 2025, the selection committee recommended 17 athletes for the Arjuna Award, five coaches for the Dronacharya Award, and one organisation for the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar. Notably, no athlete was chosen for the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award for 2025 — the first time the top honour has gone unawarded since 2014. Decathlete Tejaswin Shankar, badminton pair Treesa Jolly–Gayatri Gopichand, and boxer Narender Berwal headline the Arjuna Award list, while the Lifetime Arjuna Award went to veteran footballer I. Arumainayagam, a gold medallist from the 1962 Asian Games. The Dronacharya Award (Regular) went to Parveer Singh (Athletics), Chhote Lal Yadav (Boxing) and Neha Nandkumar Chavan (Shooting), while the Lifetime category honoured Dharmendra Singh Yadav (Boxing) and Virender Kumar (Wrestling). The Army Paralympic Node, Pune received the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar 2025 for its work training para-athletes for international competitions.

Swiss great Roger Federer was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame at Newport, Rhode Island (USA) on 29 August 2026, entering in his first year of eligibility after retiring in 2022. Broadcaster and journalist Mary Carillo was honoured alongside him in the Contributor category. Federer won 20 Grand Slam singles titles and 103 ATP Tour titles, and spent a record 310 weeks as world number one, including a record eight Wimbledon crowns. He completed the Career Grand Slam by winning the 2009 French Open, and took Olympic doubles gold at Beijing 2008 and singles silver at London 2012.

Kaziah Liz Mejo, a 19-year-old law student from Kerala, won the Miss Universe India 2026 crown in August 2026, beating 53 contestants at the finale organised by the Glamanand Group in Jaipur, Rajasthan. She is the first woman from Kerala to win the title and will represent India at the 75th Miss Universe pageant in Puerto Rico in November 2026. Former Miss Universe Sushmita Sen headed the jury. Vaishnavi Ganesh of Tamil Nadu finished first runner-up and took the Miss Universe International 2026 title, with Anushri Satavlekar of Gujarat placing second runner-up. Manika Vishwakarma held the previous year's title.

Odia poet and former scientist Ashutosh Parida was selected for the 47th Sarala Puraskar for his 2024 poetry collection 'Bishwas De Pruthwi', to be presented at Bhubaneswar on 25 October 2026. Instituted in 1980 and awarded by the Indian Metals Public Charitable Trust (IMPaCT) - the social wing of Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys Ltd (IMFA) - the Sarala Puraskar is Odisha's premier annual literary honour and carries a cash prize of Rs 7 lakh, a citation and a copper plaque. The 2026 Ila-Bansidhar Panda Kala Samman went to Odissi maestro Guru Durga Charan Ranbir and sculptor Damodar Behera, each receiving Rs 2.5 lakh.

President Droupadi Murmu will confer the National Teachers Awards 2026 on 48 school teachers at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, on 5 September 2026 — Teachers' Day, marking the birth anniversary of Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. The awardees, 26 men and 22 women, come from 27 States, 7 Union Territories and 6 Central Government organisations, spanning government schools, PM SHRI schools, Kendriya Vidyalayas, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas, Sainik Schools and an Eklavya Model Residential School. Selection ran through district, state and national stages, with online self-nominations open from 15 June to 20 July 2026. Short documentaries on each teacher will be broadcast on Doordarshan and SWAYAM PRABHA channels.

The Union Home Ministry announced 1,057 Gallantry and Service Medals for personnel of Police, Fire Service, Home Guard & Civil Defence and Correctional Services on Independence Day 2026. Break-up: 301 Gallantry Medals, 92 President's Medals for Distinguished Service (PSM) and 664 Medals for Meritorious Service (MSM). Of the 301 Gallantry Medals, 272 went to police and 29 to fire services; 197 were for Left-Wing-Extremism areas and 51 for J&K. Three were posthumous - Chhattisgarh constables late Nitesh Ekka and late Ramesh Koreti, and UP Inspector late Sunil Kumar.

National Security Adviser (NSA) Ajit Doval was conferred the Lokmanya Tilak National Award 2026 in Pune, Maharashtra on 1 August 2026. Union Home Minister Amit Shah presented the award at a ceremony organised by the Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust at Maharashtra Mandal Ground, Gultekdi, marking the 106th death anniversary of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The award carries a citation and a Rs 1 lakh cash prize and recognises outstanding contribution to the nation - in Doval's case, his role in counter-terrorism, border security and India's strategic doctrine. Doval, aged 81, is India's longest-serving NSA. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, revered as 'Lokmanya', coined the slogan 'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.'

In July 2026, the International Mathematical Union (IMU) named John Pardon, Yu Deng, Jacob Tsimerman and Hong Wang as winners of the 2026 Fields Medal — the Nobel Prize of Mathematics. The medals were awarded at the opening ceremony of the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Philadelphia, USA. The Fields Medal, established from a fund set up by John Charles Fields (1936), is awarded every 4 years to 2-4 mathematicians under the age of 40, each getting a gold medal (image of Archimedes) and ~CAD 15,000. Hong Wang became only the 3rd female winner in the medal's 90-year history (after Maryam Mirzakhani in 2014 and Maryna Viazovska in 2022), for solving the Kakeya conjecture. Yu Deng and Hong Wang are the first Chinese nationals to win since 1982.

The jury of the 72nd National Film Awards (for the year 2024) announced the winners in New Delhi. Article 370, directed by Aditya Suhas Jambhale, won Best Feature Film. Best Actor was shared by Mammootty (Bramayugam, Malayalam — his 4th National Award) and Kartik Aaryan (Chandu Champion, Hindi). Yami Gautam won Best Actress for Article 370 — her first National Award. Rajkumar Periyasamy won Best Direction for the Tamil film Amaran, and Kalki 2898 AD (dir. Nag Ashwin) won Best Popular Film. Randeep Hooda won Best Debut Film of a Director for Swatantrya Veer Savarkar.

The jury of the 72nd National Film Awards announced the winners for the year 2024 on 18 July 2026 in New Delhi, recognising excellence across feature films, non-feature films and writing on cinema. The announcement was made by Jayaraj (Chairperson, Feature Film Jury), Aseem Sinha (Chairperson, Non-Feature Film Jury) and A. Chandrasekhar (Chairperson, Best Writing on Cinema Jury). Key winners: Best Feature Film — Article 370, directed by Aditya Suhas Jambhale. The film also won Best Actress and Best Music Direction. Best Actor (jointly) — Mammootty for the Malayalam horror drama Bramayugam, and Kartik Aaryan for the Hindi sports biopic Chandu Champion. This is Mammootty's 4th National Film Award, after Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha and Mathilukal (1989), Ponthan Mada and Vidheyan (1994), and Dr. Ambedkar (1999). Best Actress — Yami Gautam for Article 370 — her first-ever National Film Award. Best Direction — Rajkumar Periyasamy for the Tamil film Amaran. Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment — Kalki 2898 AD, directed by Nag Ashwin. Best Debut Film of a Director — Randeep Hooda for Swatantrya Veer Savarkar. Best Non-Feature Film — Bhangaar; Best Documentary — Ram-Nami. Winners receive the Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus) and a cash prize of Rs 2 lakh in the acting categories.

The winners of the 72nd National Film Awards — honouring Indian cinema of 2024 — were announced in New Delhi on 18 July 2026, with the jury headed by veteran Malayalam filmmaker Jayaraj. Best Feature Film went to Article 370. Kartik Aaryan (for *Chandu Champion*, portraying Paralympic gold medallist Murlikant Petkar) and Mammootty (for *Bramayugam*) shared the Best Actor award, while Yami Gautam won Best Actress for *Article 370*. Other winners across categories included *Amaran*, *Kalki 2898 AD*, *Pushpa: The Rule* and *Maharaja*.

In July 2026, the Financial Intelligence Unit — India (FIU-IND) was named runner-up at the Best Egmont Case Award (BECA) 2026, one of the Egmont Group highest honours, for uncovering a large-scale cyber fraud. Director Anil Mohan Govil received it at the Egmont Group Plenary in Baku, Azerbaijan. FIU-IND traced a money-laundering network involving ~Rs 868 crore in cyber-fraud proceeds, over 5,000 mule accounts and crypto transactions. Taiwan AMLD won BECA 2026.

In July 2026, the International Cricket Council (ICC) inducted former Indian women captain Anjum Chopra and former England captain Kevin Pietersen into the ICC Hall of Fame at its Annual Conference in Edinburgh, Scotland. Anjum Chopra became the 3rd Indian woman (after Diana Edulji and Neetu David) and the 13th Indian overall, taking total inductees to 125. She was the first Indian woman to play 100 ODIs and received the Padma Shri in 2014.

Nita Ambani, founder-chairperson of Reliance Foundation, was felicitated with the Fortune India Most Powerful Women (MPW) honour in Mumbai, topping the Fortune India MPW 2026 list of 100 women. Top 5: Nita Ambani (1), Roshni Nadar, CEO of HCL Technologies (2), the Reddy sisters of Apollo Hospitals (3), Savitri Jindal (4), and Dr. Priti Adani (5).

The Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND) was named runner-up at the Best Egmont Case Award (BECA) 2026 for uncovering a large-scale cyber fraud. Director Anil Mohan Govil received the award at the Egmont Group Plenary in Baku, Azerbaijan. FIU-IND traced a laundering network involving proceeds of nearly ₹868 crore and over 5,000 mule accounts; the ED seized cash and crypto and attached assets under PMLA, 2002. Taiwan's AMLD won BECA 2026.

Padma Bhushan awardee and theoretical physicist Professor Deepak Dhar was awarded the 2026 Dirac Medal by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) for outstanding contributions to statistical mechanics, becoming the first Indian physicist to receive it. He shared the award with Bernard Derrida (France), Marc Mezard (Italy) and Haim Sompolinsky (Israel/USA). Dhar is a professor at ICTS-TIFR, Bengaluru, and is renowned for the sandpile model and Dhar's Burning Algorithm. In 2022 he became the first Indian to win the Boltzmann Medal.

President Droupadi Murmu conferred the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (Akademi Ratna) and Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar) for the years 2024 and 2025 upon 115 eminent artists at a special investiture ceremony at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi on 13 August 2026. The Akademi Ratna (Fellowship) — the Akademi's highest honour, restricted to 40 living Fellows at any time — went to 7 artists: Ramlal Bareth, A. V. Anand, Rita Ganguly, Puru Dadheech, Chittaranjan Jyotishi, Pasumarthi Rattaiah Sarma and Sudharani Raghupathy. The General Council selected 108 artists for the Akademi Puraskar, and the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar was also announced for 2024 and 2025. A Fellow receives a purse of Rs 3 lakh; each Award carries Rs 1 lakh with a Tamrapatra and Angavastram.

The 2026 Fields Medal, mathematics' highest honour, was awarded to four mathematicians at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) held in Philadelphia, USA on 23 July 2026: Yu Deng (University of Chicago), John Pardon (Stony Brook University), Jacob Tsimerman (University of Toronto), and Hong Wang (NYU/IHES). Hong Wang - recognised for advances in Fourier restriction and the Kakeya problem in three dimensions - became only the third woman to win the medal in its 90-year history, after Maryam Mirzakhani (2014) and Maryna Viazovska (2022). Wang and Deng are also the first Chinese nationals to win since 1982. The Fields Medal is awarded by the International Mathematical Union (IMU) every four years to mathematicians under 40.

Former India captain Sourav Ganguly was inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2026, at a ceremony in Edinburgh. He was inducted alongside former India women's captain Anjum Chopra and former England batter Kevin Pietersen, taking the total number of Hall of Fame members to 125. One of India's most influential captains, Ganguly scored 7,212 runs in 113 Tests and 11,363 runs in 311 ODIs, and led India to the 2003 ODI World Cup final and a shared 2002 ICC Champions Trophy title. Players become eligible five years after their final international appearance. ICC Chairman: Jay Shah. Ganguly and Sachin Tendulkar share a record ODI opening stand of 6,609 runs.

India's five-member team won all five gold medals at the 56th International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) 2026, held in Bucaramanga, Colombia (5-12 July 2026), securing the joint World No. 1 rank alongside China, Kazakhstan, Russia, South Korea and Taiwan. A total of 381 students from 87 countries participated. The gold medallists were Kanishk Jain (Pune), Riddhesh Anant Bendale (Indore), Rishit Garg (Delhi), Shresth Suraiya (Mumbai) and Svarit Joshi (Ahmedabad). The team was trained by the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE), a centre of TIFR under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). Every Indian participant at the IPhO over the past decade has won a medal.

The Department of Telecommunications' (DoT) flagship 'Samriddh Gram' initiative was declared the global winner of the WSIS Prizes 2026 under Action Line C6 - Enabling Environment, at the WSIS Forum 2026 in Geneva. The WSIS (World Summit on the Information Society) Prizes are instituted by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to honour ICT projects advancing sustainable development. Built on the BharatNet network, Samriddh Gram delivers integrated 'phygital' services (healthcare, education, agriculture, finance, e-governance, e-commerce) through village-level Samriddhi Kendras. Union Communications Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia hailed the recognition. Over 2.2 million global votes were cast across nominated WSIS projects.

Astrophysicist Annapurni Subramaniam, Director of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bengaluru, won the COSPAR Vikram Sarabhai Medal 2026 for outstanding contribution to space research in developing countries. She is the 4th Indian, the first Indian woman scientist, and only the 3rd woman globally to receive it. The medal was presented at the 46th COSPAR Scientific Assembly in Florence, Italy (dated 3 August 2026). Established in 1990 in honour of Vikram Sarabhai, it is awarded biennially jointly by COSPAR and ISRO. Prior Indian recipients: Anil Bhardwaj (2024), G.S. Lakhina (2014), U.R. Rao (1996).

The <b>Geographical Indications Registry (GIR)</b>, under the <b>DPIIT</b> (Ministry of Commerce and Industry), granted <b>GI tags</b> to two Gujarat agricultural products — <b>Unjha Cumin (Jeera)</b> and <b>Unjha Fennel (Saunf)</b>, both from the Unjha region in north Gujarat. With this, Gujarat's list of GI-tagged agricultural products expands to <b>6</b> (joining Gir Kesar mangoes, Bhalia wheat, Kachchhi Kharek and Amalsadi chikoo). Unjha (Mehsana district) is India's largest fennel-producing region and one of Asia's largest fennel trading hubs. NABARD has facilitated GI registration of 28 new products, taking its total to 176.

Pithora painting - the sacred ritual wall art of the Rathwa, Bhil, Bhilala and Nayaka tribal communities of Chhota Udepur, Gujarat - received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag from the GI Registry under the DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Created by artisans called Lakharas using natural colours from leaves, flowers, minerals and mahua, the paintings feature horses symbolising gods, goddesses and ancestors. Earlier in July 2026, Gujarat's Unjha Cumin and Fennel also earned GI tags.

President Droupadi Murmu conferred the remaining Padma Awards at the second Civil Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan. India announced 131 Padma Awards for 2026: 5 Padma Vibhushan, 13 Padma Bhushan and 113 Padma Shri.

President Droupadi Murmu presented Padma Awards at Rashtrapati Bhavan, conferring 66 awards in the first phase (2 Padma Vibhushan, 6 Padma Bhushan, 58 Padma Shri). A total of 131 Padma Awards were announced for 2026.

Padma Shri honourees included cricketers Rohit Sharma and Harmanpreet Kaur and hockey goalkeeper Savita Punia, among achievers across arts, science, medicine and social work.

The 13 Padma Bhushan awardees included singer Alka Yagnik, actor Mammootty, industrialist Uday Kotak, former Uttarakhand CM Bhagat Singh Koshyari and adman Piyush Pandey (posthumous).

The five Padma Vibhushan awardees included veteran actor Dharmendra (posthumous), former Kerala CM V.S. Achuthanandan (posthumous), classical violinist N. Rajam and former Supreme Court judge K.T. Thomas.

The Centre announced 131 Padma Awards - 5 Padma Vibhushan, 13 Padma Bhushan and 113 Padma Shri - including 19 women, 16 posthumous awards and 6 from the Foreigners/NRI/PIO/OCI category.

Actor Mammootty and singer Alka Yagnik received the Padma Bhushan; cricketers Rohit Sharma and Harmanpreet Kaur, hockey player Savita Punia, actor-filmmaker R. Madhavan and veteran actor Satish Shah were among Padma Shri honourees.

The 2026 Goldman Environmental Prize - often called the 'Green Nobel' - honoured six grassroots environmental defenders from around the world for their community campaigns.

TIME's 2026 list featured three Indians: actor Ranbir Kapoor, chef Vikas Khanna and Google & Alphabet CEO Sundar Pichai, recognising influence across culture and technology.

On National Energy Conservation Day, the President felicitated the winners of the National Energy Conservation Awards (NECA) 2025, recognising efficiency across industries and institutions.

ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 mission received the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics' Goddard Astronautics Award at the ASCEND Conference in Washington DC, honouring the 2023 lunar south-pole soft landing.

CSIR received the Clarivate South Asia Innovation Award 2026 in the Government Sector category, recognising its patent and innovation output.

Germany's Gerd Faltings won the Abel Prize for his work in arithmetic geometry, resolving the Mordell and Lang conjectures. He is the first German Abel laureate; the prize carries 7.5 million Norwegian kroner.

The Chilean architect Smiljan Radic Clarke was named the 2026 Pritzker laureate - architecture's highest honour - becoming the second Chilean to win after Alejandro Aravena (2016).

President Murmu presented India's highest science honours to 24 awardees; the Vigyan Ratna (lifetime achievement) went posthumously to astrophysicist Jayant Vishnu Narlikar and the Vigyan Team award to CSIR's Aroma Mission.

John Clarke, Michel Devoret and John Martinis were honoured for the discovery of macroscopic quantum-mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.

'Tides of Time: Bharat's History through Murals in Parliament', authored by Rajya Sabha MP Sudha Murty, was unveiled by Vice President C.P. Radhakrishnan, chronicling India's civilisational journey through Parliament's murals.

The Tamil poet-lyricist R. Vairamuthu was named winner of the Jnanpith Award (for 2025), India's highest literary honour, chosen by a committee chaired by Pratibha Ray. He is the third Tamil writer to receive it.

Vice President C.P. Radhakrishnan released 'Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The Eternal Statesman', authored by Vijay Goel, at the Dr Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi.

Vice President C.P. Radhakrishnan launched Dr Shashi Tharoor's book 'The Sage Who Reimagined Hinduism: The Life, Lessons & Legacy of Sree Narayana Guru' in New Delhi.

A book chronicling the life and journey of President Droupadi Murmu was released on 10 January 2026.

Acclaimed novelist Amitav Ghosh released his new book 'Ghost-Eye', with the national tour beginning on 5 January 2026.

The Hungarian writer received the 2025 Literature Prize for his surreal, visionary novels combining a bleak worldview with dark humour.

Sadhvi Satish Sail from Goa was crowned the 61st Femina Miss India World 2026 at Bhubaneswar, Odisha, and will represent India at the Miss World pageant.

The 98th Academy Awards introduced the Best Casting award, the first new Oscar category since Best Animated Feature (2001), won by Cassandra Kulukundis for 'One Battle After Another'.

Held at the Dolby Theatre and hosted by Conan O'Brien, 'One Battle After Another' won Best Picture (six awards) and Paul Thomas Anderson won Best Director. Michael B. Jordan won Best Actor and Jessie Buckley Best Actress.

Held at the Royal Festival Hall, London, Paul Thomas Anderson's 'One Battle After Another' won six awards including Best Film; Sean Penn won Best Supporting Actor and Ryan Coogler's 'Sinners' won three.

Kendrick Lamar was the night's biggest winner with five awards, including Record of the Year, becoming the most-awarded hip-hop artist in Grammy history; Olivia Dean won Best New Artist.

At the 68th Annual Grammy Awards, Bad Bunny won Album of the Year - the first primarily Spanish-language album to win the category. Trevor Noah hosted for the sixth and final time.

Held in Los Angeles and hosted by Nikki Glaser, 'One Battle After Another' won Best Motion Picture (Comedy/Musical), Best Director and Best Screenplay, while 'Hamnet' won Best Motion Picture (Drama).

India's highest disaster-management honour went to the Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority (institutional, Rs 51 lakh) and Lt Col Seeta Ashok Shelke (individual, Rs 5 lakh), announced on Parakram Diwas.

The Venezuelan opposition leader was awarded the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize for promoting democratic rights and a peaceful transition; her daughter accepted the award at Oslo on her behalf.

The 2025 Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Economic Sciences were presented at the Stockholm Concert Hall; 10 December marks the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.