All 13 International Relations updates published in December 2025, grouped into 6 subtopics. Each one carries the exam-relevant facts and its GK Bytes; open an update for the complete note with static GK.
India hosted, for the first time, the 20th session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in New Delhi.
The Central African Republic held tense general elections amid warnings over contested results, drawing international attention to regional stability.
PM Modi undertook a state visit to Jordan, Ethiopia and Oman, integrating India's West Asia and Africa outreach, including India's first full-fledged PM visit to Jordan (75 years of ties).
President Vladimir Putin made a State visit to India for the 23rd Annual Summit with PM Modi - his first in four years - marking 25 years of the Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership.
India and Jordan signed MoUs on renewable energy, water resources and digital transformation, with PM Modi calling for doubling bilateral trade to US$5 billion in five years; Jordan expressed intent to join the ISA and CDRI.
As a summit outcome, India and Russia agreed to open new Indian Consulates in Yekaterinburg and Kazan to deepen economic and people-to-people ties.
India and New Zealand announced the successful conclusion of FTA negotiations; New Zealand agreed to eliminate duties on 100% of tariff lines, granting zero-duty access to all Indian exports on entry into force.
India and Oman signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement in Muscat (70 years of ties), making Oman the second Gulf nation after the UAE to conclude an FTA with India.
The summit produced 16 intergovernmental agreements and around 15 MoUs, adopted an economic 'Programme 2030' and set a revised bilateral trade target of US$100 billion by 2030.
India and the EU held technical discussions on key FTA chapters - market access, rules of origin, services, technical barriers and sustainability - ahead of the deal's conclusion in January 2026.
Putin pledged uninterrupted shipments of oil, gas and coal to India, and both sides advanced the India-EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union) FTA, aiming for zero tariffs on around 90% of goods by 2028.
The US sharply escalated pressure on Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro, declaring airspace around Venezuela closed; Venezuela wrote to the UN Security Council on 17 December citing 'US aggression'.
During PM Modi's first bilateral visit to Ethiopia, ties were elevated to a Strategic Partnership, eight MoUs were signed, and Modi was conferred Ethiopia's highest civilian honour.